Treatment process using somatostatin analogues

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, a method for treating a cancerous disease is provided which includes characterizing a disease by an overexpression of one or more somatostatin receptors, and exposing the one or more somatostatin receptors to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a somatostatin analogue which binds to the one or more somatostatin receptors. In one example, the somatostatin analogue may have the general formula:  
                 
 
wherein Z is optionally present or absent and when present is selected from the group consisting of DOTA-based chelators, DTPA-based chelators, NOTA-based chelators, carbonyl compounds, hydrazino nicotinamide, N4-chelators, desferrioxamine, N X S Y -chelators, tyrosine for halogenation, a fluorescent dye, and biotin; L is optionally present or absent and when present is a linker molecule; X1 is a symmetric or asymmetric diamino acid containing 3 or 4 consecutive carbon atoms; X2 is a positively charged natural or unnatural amino acid, an arginine mimic, citrulline, or a neutral amino acid; X3 is phenylalanine, Ala-[3-(2-thienyl)], α-naphthylalanine, or β-naphthylalanine; X4 is an aromatic amino acid; X5 is threonine or serine; and X6 is phenylalanine, Ala-[3-(2-thienyl)], α-naphthylalanine, or β-naphthylalanine.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/486,310, which was the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP02/09004, filed Aug. 7, 2002, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,192,570, which claims priority of EP Application No. 01203033.4, filed Aug. 10, 2001, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

Embodiments of the invention relate to somatostatin analogues and their use in treatments, such as diagnosis and therapy. Other embodiments relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the somatostatin analogues.

2. Description of the Related Art

Somatostatin (somatotroph release-inhibiting factor), was initially discovered as a hypothalamic neurohormone that inhibits growth hormone secretion. It is a widely distributed peptide in both the central and peripheral nervous system and is also present in peripheral tissues including the endocrine pancreas, gut, thyroid, adrenals and kidneys. In addition, somatostatin is produced by inflammatory and immune cells as well as many cancer cells.

In mammals, two forms of bioactive peptides, somatostatin 14 and somatostatin 28 are found. They are produced by tissue-specific proteolytic processing of a common precursor. The natural somatostatin peptides have a short half-life, which is why many somatostatin analogues have been synthesized. Among them, octreotide, lanreotide, and vapreotide have been intensively investigated and are in clinical use for the medical treatment of acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors. These octapeptides retain the amino acid residues (or substitutes) within a cyclic peptide backbone that are involved in the biological effect of the peptide (Phe⁷ or Tyr⁷, D-Trp⁸, Lys⁹ and Thr¹⁰ or Val¹⁰) and display markedly increased stability.

The biological effects of somatostatin are mediated by specific plasma membrane receptors that have been identified in normal and neoplastic tissues by binding studies and receptor autoradiography techniques. Five somatostatin receptor genes have been cloned from human and mammalian libraries and designated sst1 to sst5 receptors. The sst subtypes belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors with seven transmembrane-spanning domains and present a high degree of sequence identity (39-57%). The sequence differences reside in the extracellular and intracellular domains and are probably responsible for their signaling specificity.

All somatostatin receptors bind somatostatin 14 and somatostatin 28 with a high affinity (nM range), although with a slightly higher affinity for somatostatin 14. However, the receptors show major differences in their affinities for peptide analogues. Analogues that are known to date exhibit a low affinity for sst1 and sst4 whereas they bind the sst2 and sst5 receptor with a high affinity, comparable to that of somatostatin 14 and bind the sst3 receptor with moderate affinity.

In addition to its effect on secretion and intestinal motility, somatostatin inhibits the proliferation of normal as well as tumor cells. The antiproliferative action of somatostatin can be signaled via the five sst receptors which initiate pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein-dependent cell growth arrest or apoptosis according to receptor subtypes and target cells.

When expressed in CHO cells, ligand-activated sst1, sst2A, sst4, and sst5 receptors inhibit mitogenic signal of serum or growth factors as a result of hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) and G₁ cell cycle arrest.

However, distinct signal transduction pathways are involved in the somatostatin-induced G₁ cell cycle arrest depending on receptor subtype. The sst1 receptor mediates cell growth arrest through the stimulation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, activation of the Ras/MAP kinase ERK pathway and induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21^(Waf1/Cip1), whereas the sst5 receptor acts by a mechanism involving a dephosphorylation cascade leading to inhibition of guanylate cyclase, cGMP-dependent protein kinase G and MAP kinase ERK ½.

The antiproliferative effect mediated by the sst2 receptor results from the activation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and the dephosphorylation of activated growth factor receptors thus leading to the negative regulation of growth factor-induced mitogenic signaling.

In addition, somatostatin-activated SHP-1 induces a G₁ cell cycle arrest, upregulates the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p^(27Kip1) leading to the accumulation of hypophosphorylated Rb.

The antiproliferative effect of somatostatin can also result from apoptosis. Apoptosis is induced by sst3 as a result of the induction of p53 and Bax. In human pancreatic cancer cells expressing mutated p53 and devoid of endogenous sst2 receptor, correction of the deficit by expression of sst2 receptor induces an increase in cell death indicating that somatostatin can induce apoptosis by p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms.

The antiproliferative effects of somatostatin result from its actions via the endocrine pathway, but evidence exists that somatostatin can also act via an autocrine/paracrine pathway. Immunoreactive somatostatin has been found in somatostatin receptor-positive normal and tumor cell types such as endocrine, lymphoid cells, macrophages, breast cancer cells, colonic tumor cell and additionally, somatostatin mRNA is detected in a wide variety of neuroendocrine tumors known to express somatostatin receptors. Correction of the sst2 receptor deficit in human pancreatic cancer cells by sst2 receptor expression induces a negative autocrine loop in the absence of exogenous ligand, which is due to sst2 receptor-induced expression and secretion of endogenous sst2 ligand (somatostatin 14 and somatostatin 28). This results in inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and reversion of cell tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo after xenografts in nude mice.

The somatostatin effect on tumor growth may be the result of indirect effects of the peptide resulting from the inhibition of secretion of growth-promoting hormones and growth factors which specifically regulate tumor growth. For example, the secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) which is produced by hepatocytes through GH-dependent and -independent mechanisms is negatively controlled by octreotide as a result of an effect on GH secretion and the sst2 and sst5 receptors have been demonstrated to be implicated in this effect. In addition, somatostatin can decrease IGF gene expression. Somatostatin also inhibits angiogenesis. Overexpression of peritumoral vascular somatostatin receptors with high affinity for somatostatin and octreotide has been reported in human peritumoral colorectal carcinomas, small cell lung carcinoma, breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma and malignant lymphoma. This expression appears to be independent of receptor expression in the tumor. It may reflect the presence of sst receptors in the venous smooth muscle cells as well as endothelial cells and may allow a vasoconstriction resulting in local hypoxia of the tumor or inhibition of endothelial cell growth and monocyte migration. Sst2, sst3, or sst5 receptors might be involved in these effects.

Although the biological role and cellular distribution of each receptor subtype are not yet completely understood it is clear that the development of analogues binding to all somatostatin receptor subtypes, so-called pansomatostatin, has high potential.

Therefore, there is a need to provide somatostatin analogues that bind to all five somatostatin receptors and have a higher half-life (high metabolic stability) than somatostatin itself. There is also a need to provide a treatment process that uses the somatostatin analogues for therapy or diagnosis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions that contain somatostatin analogues and methods for treating cancerous diseases by using the somatostatin analogues during therapeutic and diagnostic treatments. In one embodiment, a method for treating a cancerous disease is provided which includes characterizing a disease by an overexpression of one or more somatostatin receptors, and exposing the one or more somatostatin receptors to a pharmaceutical composition that contains a somatostatin analogue which binds to the one or more somatostatin receptors. In one example, the somatostatin analogue may have the general formula:

wherein

Z is optionally present or absent, and when present, may contain DOTA-based chelators, DTPA-based chelators, NOTA-based chelators, carbonyl compounds, hydrazino nicotinamide, N4-chelators, desferrioxamine, N_(X)S_(Y)-chelators, tyrosine for halogenation, a fluorescent dye, and biotin; L is optionally present or absent, and when present, is a linker molecule; X1 is a symmetric or asymmetric diamino acid containing 3 or 4 consecutive carbon atoms; X2 is a positively charged natural or unnatural amino acid, an arginine mimic, citrulline, or a neutral amino acid; X3 is phenylalanine, Ala-[3-(2-thienyl)], α-naphthylalanine, or β-naphthylalanine; X4 is an aromatic amino acid; X5 is threonine or serine; and X6 is phenylalanine, Ala-[3-(2-thienyl)], α-naphthylalanine, or β-naphthylalanine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention provide somatostatin analogues of the general formula:

wherein:

Z may be absent or present and when present is selected from the group consisting of DOTA- and DTPA-based chelators, NOTA-based chelators, carbonyl compounds, 2hydrazino nicotinamide (hynic), N₄-chelators, desferrioxamin, N_(x)S_(y)-chelators, all optionally complexed with a radioisotope, Tyrosine (Tyr) for halogenation, a fluorescent dye or biotin;

L may or may not be present and is a linker molecule;

X1 is a symmetric or asymmetric diamino acid, containing 3 or 4 consecutive carbon atoms with a linker to the chelating agent, for example D/L-diamino butyric acid (D/L-Dab) for a more basic character or D/L-Glu for coupling to primary and secondary amino groups;

X2 is a positively charged natural or unnatural amino acid or arginine mimic or citrulline, or a neutral amino-acid like Asn;

X3 is phenylalanine (Phe), Ala-[3-(2-thienyl)], α-naphthylalanine, or β-naphthylalanine;

X4 is an aromatic amino acid, optionally halogenated, in particular with Cl, Br, I, or ¹⁸F;

X5 is threonine (Thr) or serine (Ser); and

X6 is phenylalanine (Phe), Ala-[3-(2-thienyl)], α-naphthylalanine, or β-naphthylalanine.

X1 is preferably diamino propionic acid or diamino butyric acid.

Preferably X2 is selected from the group consisting of Lysine (Lys), homolysine,

ornithine, and

L/D-Phg (4-amidino) and derivatives.

When X2 is an arginine mimic it is preferably a group selected from:

(R/S)-Gly/Ala-4-Pip (N-amidino)

D/L-Phe [4-guanidino] and derivatives thereof

and quater nary ammonium derivatives (NR₄ ⁺).

X4 is preferably selected from the group consisting of tyrosine (Tyr), halogenated tyrosine, in particular iodinated tyrosi ne (I-Tyr), dimethyltyrosine (diMe-Tyr), α-naphthylalanine, β-naphthylalanine, halogenated phenylalanine, in particular iodated phenylalanine (I-Phe). When X4 is halogenated, this is preferably with Cl, Br, or I.

When a linker L is present, it may be selected from the group consisting of tyrosine, lysine, diaminobutyric acid, diaminopropionic acid, polyethylene glycol, fatty acids and their derivatives, β-alanine, 5-amino valeric acid, sarcosine, gluceronic acid. Alternatively, the linker function may be taken on by X1. An example of a symmetric linker is

diamino acids, like diaminobutyric acid or 4,8 diaminooctanoic acid and symmetric molecules, like N,N-bis(N′-3-aminopropyl)glycine.

In case Z is complexed with a radioisotope, the isotope may be selected from the group consisting of ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ¹⁰³mRh, ¹⁹⁵mPt, ^(114mIn) , ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ⁷⁷As, ⁹⁰Y, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Cu, ¹⁶⁹Er, ¹¹⁷mSn, ¹²¹Sn, ¹²⁷Te, ¹⁴²Pr, ¹⁴³Pr, ¹⁹⁸Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ¹⁴⁹Tb, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵¹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁹Gd, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁷²Tm, ¹⁶⁹Yb, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ¹¹¹Ag, ²¹³Bi, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, and ²¹¹At.

Preferred embodiments of the invention are somatostatin analogues of formula I wherein X2 is arginine, or wherein X3 is phenylalanine, or wherein X4 is phenylalanine, or wherein X4 is tyrosine, or wherein X5 is threonine, or wherein X6 is phenylalanine or wherein X1 is diaminobutyric acid.

The invention further relates to analogues wherein one or more of the above substituents are combined. In such analogues, the groups that do not have one of the above substituents are as defined for the general formula I above.

When all the above substituents are combined an analogue results having the general formula:

wherein Z may or may not be present and is as defined above. In preferred embodiments of the invention Z is DOTA, DOTAGA, or tyrosine.

When X1 is D/L-Glu, L are amine ending molecules like D/L-Lys, and Z are chelating agents like p-NH₂-Bz-DOTA (2-p-aminobenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid), DOTA-p-NH₂-anilide (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid mono (p-aminoanilide), and MeO-NH₂-Ph-DOTA (5-amino-2-methoxyphenyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid).

Z may be complexed with a radioisotope, or coupled to a fluorescent dye or biotin. For use in diagnosis the analogue may be labeled with a radioactive metal isotope selected from the group consisting of ^(99m)Tc, ²⁰³Pb, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁷²As, ¹¹¹In, ^(113m)In, ¹²³I, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁹⁷Ru, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁵²Fe, ^(52m)Mn, ⁵¹Cr, ¹²⁴I, and ¹⁸F.

Suitable fluorescent dyes are cyanin-dyews. Such dyes may be used when the analogues are applied in vitro and in vivo diagnosis. Biotin is useful as a label in histology.

The somatostatin analogues of the invention can be used as a medicament in the treatment of diseases that are characterized by an overexpression of one or more somatostatin receptors, in particular the treatment may be directed to tumors bearing one or more somatostatin receptors. Examples of such tumors are neuroendocrinic tumors, astrocytoma, lung cancer, lymphoma, mama carcinoma, pancreatic tumors, thyroid cancer, colon cancer, small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), renal cell cancer.

For therapy, the somatostatin analogues of the invention may be labeled with a radioisotope selected from the group consisting of ^(114m)In, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ⁷⁷As, ⁹⁰Y, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Cu, ¹⁶⁹Er, ^(117m)Sn, ¹²¹Sn, ¹²⁷Te, ¹⁴²Pr, ¹⁴³Pr, ^(195m)Pt, ¹⁹⁸Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ¹⁴⁹Tb, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵¹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁹Gd, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁷²Tm, ¹⁶⁹Yb, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ^(103m)Rh, ¹¹¹Ag, ¹²⁴I, ¹³¹I, and ²¹¹At.

The invention also relates to the use of the somatostatin analogues for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treatment or diagnosis.

In case the pharmaceutical composition is a diagnostic composition, the somatostatin analogue(s) is(are) labeled with a radioactive metal isotope selected from the group consisting of ^(99m)Tc, ²⁰³Pb, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁷²As, ¹¹¹In, ^(113m)In, ¹²³I, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁹⁷Ru, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁵²Fe, ^(52m)Mn, and ⁵¹Cr. When the pharmaceutical composition is a therapeutic composition, the somatostatin analogue(s) is(are) labeled with a radioisotope selected from the group consisting of ^(114m)In, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ⁷⁷As, ⁹⁰Y, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Cu, ¹⁶⁹Er, ^(117m)Sn, ¹²¹Sn, ¹²⁷Te, ¹⁴²Pr, ¹⁴³Pr, ¹⁹⁸Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ¹⁴⁹Tb, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵¹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁹Gd, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁷²Tm, ¹⁶⁹Yb, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ^(103m)Rh, ^(195m)Pt, ¹¹¹Ag, 124I, ¹³¹I, and ²¹¹At.

The invention furthermore relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a suitable excipient and one or more of the somatostatin analogues.

The present invention will be further elucidated in the following examples that are given for illustration purposes only and are in no way intended to limit the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

General Method for the Synthesis of Chelator-Somatostatin Analogues

The synthesis to the linear peptide intermediates is performed with well-established solid phase methods with Fmoc as transient amino protecting group, and TFA-labile side chain protection groups as Pbf for Arg, BOC for Trp and Lys, ^(t)Bu for Thr. For a description of the method see “Fluorenylmehoxycarbonylpolyamide solid phase synthesis—A practical approach” by E. Atherton and R. C. Sheppard, Information Press Ltd., Oxford, England (1989). The solid phase peptide synthesis is carried out on a semiautomatic peptide synthesizer.

The diaminobutyric acid is used with Fmoc as Y-amino protection group Z as α-amino protecting group. Coupling reactions are done with in-situ prepared hydroxy-benzotriazole esters with DIC, but any other coupling reagent may be used, e.g. the well introduced isourea derivatives (HATU etc.). The first amino acid (Fmoc-Phe-OH) is esterified to a super acid-labile linker (trialkoxy-benzhydryl or chloro-trityl) on the resin. After synthesis, the peptides are routinely cleaved mildly from the resin, using 20% acetic acid in dichloromethane. Co-evaporation with toluene is performed two times leaving intact side-chain protection groups and therefore allowing subsequently cyclisation via carboxamide formation, using 10 equivalents of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/hydroxybenzotrialoze in DMF at high dilution.

The crude product was extracted three times between ethyl acetate and a 5% aqueous oxalic solution and the organic layer was concentrated to dryness. The Z-protecting group is then selectively removed by catalytic hydrogenolysis, using Pd/C as catalyst in methanol, without significant affection of the indole system. The products were filtered and purified with a SEP-PAK® cartridge C₁₈ (Macherey-Nagel, Duren, Germany) using water and methanol as eluents. The resulting free amino acid group serves as an attaching point for a carboxylic functionalized chelator derivative, which may include an appropriate spacer. After the coupling to a prochelator, the peptide conjugate is deprotected with a solution of trifluoroacetic acid/phenole/thioanisol/water 85:5:5:5 for 2-5 hours. The final product was precipitated in isopropylether/petrolether 1:1 and purified by C₁₈ reverse phase chromatography (Metrohm LC CaDi 22-14, column: Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) with a purity>98%.

Example 2

Synthesis of y-9-fluorenylmetbyloxycarbonyl-α-benzyl-oxycarbonyl-D-diaminobuc acid (Z-Dab (Fmoc)-OH)

α-Benzyloxycarbonyl-D-diaminobutyric acid (Z-Dab-OH) is commercially available (Bachem, Bubendorf, Switzerland). This starting material was dissolved in acetone/water 1:1, sodium carbonate was added to a final pH of 9-10 and treated with 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide (Fmoc-OSu). The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 hours at RT, cooled to 5° C.; ethylacetate was added and then acidified with 6 N HCl. The organic phase was washed with water four times, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The product was recrystallized from ethylacetate/petrolether.

Example 3

Chelator Coupling

Three equivalents of prochelator (for example DOTAGA(^(t)Bu)₄ (1-(1-carboxy-3-carbotertbutoxypropyl)-4,7,10-(carbotertbutoxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), DOTA(^(t)Bu)₃ (1,4,7-tris(carbotertbutoxymethyl)-10-carboxymethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane), DTPA(^(t)Bu)₄ (1,1,7,7-tetrakis(carbotertbutoxymethyl)-4-carboxy-1,4,7-triazapentane) were incubated with 3 equivalents of HATU (O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate in DMF (dimethylformamide) for 30 min. The Z deprotected diamino acids (see above) were treated with this solution for 4 h at RT.

After concentration the mixture was dissolved in ethylacetate and extracted three times between 5% sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and ethylacetate. The organic layer was evaporated to dryness and the crude product is deprotected (see above).

A typical labeling procedure with ¹¹¹In and ⁹⁰Y is as follows. “PanSomatostatin” is one of the somatostatin analogues of the invention.

A buffer solution is prepared by dissolving 328 mg sodium acetate and 370 mg gentisic acid in 10 mL of water suprapure and adjusting the pH to pH 5 with 1 M sodium hydroxide.

10 μg of peptide (DOTA-PanSomatostatin), 100 μL of buffer and 120 μL of Yttrium-90 chloride (2.9 GBq/mL 0.05 M CHl) were incubated at 95° C. for 40 min, cooled to room temperature and the labeling yield and radiochemical purity was determined by RP-HPLC using a Macherey-Nagel Nucleosil-C₁₈ column and a linear gradient from 5% acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid to 60% acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in 30 min. The labeling yield is >98%.

10 μg of peptide (DOTA-PanSomatostatin), 100 μL of buffer and 100 μL of Indium-111 chloride (370 MBq/mL 0.05 M CHl) were incubated at 95° C. for 40 min, cooled to room temperature and the labeling yield and radiochemical purity was determined by RP-HPLC using a Macherey-Nagel Nucleosil-C₁₈ column and a linear gradient from 5% acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid to 60% acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in 30 min. The labeling yield is >98%. The stability is >87% after one week in 10,000 times excess of DTPA and 76% in freshly prepared serum after one week, checked by HPLC. The serum proteins were precipitated with methanol, centrifuged and the methanol phase was injected, using the same gradient as above.

10 μg of peptide (DOTAGA-PanSomatostatin), 100 μL of buffer and 20 μL of Yttrium-90 chloride (1.8 GBq/mL 0.05 M CHl) were incubated at 95° C. for 40 min, cooled to room temperature and the labeling yield and radiochemical purity was determined by RP-HPLC using a Macherey-Nagel Nucleosil-C₁₈ column and a linear gradient from 5% acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid to 60% acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in 30 min. The labeling yield is >98%. The radiochemical purity is >97% after 72 h. The stability is >87% after 72 h and >74% after one week in 10,000 times excess of DTPA. Heating to 95° C. for 45 min did not impair the radiopeptide.

Example 4

Analysis of Affinity Profiles of Various Analogues for Somatostatin Receptors sst1-sst5

Cell culture CHO-K1 cells stably expressing human sst1 and sst5 were kindly provided by Drs. T. Reisine and G. Singh (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.) and CCL39 cells stably expressing human sst2, sst3, and sst4 by Dr. D. Hoyer (Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland).

CHO-K1 cells were grown in Ham's F-12 medium and CCL39 cells in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/Ham's F-12 (1:1) mix, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 μg/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin, in humidified air containing 5% CO₂ at 37° C. Geneticin (G418-sulfate; Gibco, USA) was used where necessary to maintain selection pressure at a final concentration of 400 μg/mL for sst2 to sst4—and 285 μg/mL for sst5—expressing cells as described previously (Rens-Domiano S. & Reisine T., Biochemical and functional properties of somatostatin receptors, J. Neurochem., 58:1987-1996 (1992); O'Caroll A. et al., Characterization of cloned human somatostatin receptor SSTR5, Molec. Pharmacol., 46:291-298 (1994); Siehler S. et al., [¹²⁵I]Tyr¹⁰-cortistatin₁₄ labels all five somatostatin receptors, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., 357:483-489 (1998).).

All culture reagents were supplied by Gibco BRL, Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y.

Example 5

In situ Hybridization Histochemistry

To control adequacy of the cell material, in situ hybridization for human sst mRNAs was performed on CHO-K1 and CCL39 cells expressing the different sst receptor subtypes.

Cells were detached from culture flasks by washing with Puck's Saline A and brief incubation with trypsin (0.5 mg/mL)/EDTA (0.2 mg/mL), collected by centrifugation, and re-suspended in phosphate-buffered saline at a final cell density of approximately 6×10⁴ cells/μL. 25 μL Aliquots of cell suspension were spotted onto microscopic slides, air dried, and stored at −20° C.

They were subsequently fixed with 4% formaldehyde, washed with phosphate-buffered saline, air dried, and stored at 4° C. under dry conditions. Cell smears were then used for sst1, sst2, sst3, sst4, and sst5 mRNA detection by in situ hybridization. The protocol followed was essentially that described in detail previously (Reubi J. C. et al., Expression and localization of somatostatin receptor SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR3 mRNAs in primary human tumors using in situ hybridization, Cancer Res. 54:3455-3459 (1994).).

Oligonucleotide probes complementary to the sst1, sst2, sst3 (Reubi 1994, supra), sst4 and sst5 (Thoss V. S. et al., Expression of five somatostatin receptor mRNAs in the human brain and pituitary, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., 354:411-419 (1996).) mRNAs were synthesized and purified on a 20% polyacrylamide-8M urea sequencing gel (Microsynth, Balgach, Switzerland). They were labeled at the 3′-end by using [α³²P]dATP (>3,000 Ci/mmol; NEN Life Science Products, Boston, Mass.) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase (Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany) to specific activities of 33.3-74 GBq/mmol. Control experiments were carried out with the probes used in the present study to determine the specificity of the hybridization signal obtained, as described previously (Reubi 1994, supra).

These control in situ hybridization studies confirmed that the five cell lines used for the study expressed the correct sst mRNA.

Example 6

Receptor Autoradiography

Cells were washed twice with and scraped into ice-cold 0.05 M Tris-CHl (pH 7.4), collected by centrifugation, and homogenized using a rotor/stator slash system (POLYTRON®, Kinematica Inc., Littau, Switzerland) in the same buffer. After centrifugation at 120 g for 5 min at 4° C., the supernatant was collected and centrifuged again at 48,000 g for 30 min at 4° C. The resulting pellet was re-suspended in ice-cold Tris buffer, transferred into a microfuge tube, and centrifuged at 20,000 g for 15 min at 4° C. After withdrawal of the supernatant, the membrane pellet was stored at −80° C.

Receptor autoradiography was performed on 20 μm thick cryostat (Leitz 1720, Rockleigh, N.J.) sections of the membrane pellets, mounted on microscope slides, and then stored at −20° C. For each of the tested compounds, complete displacement experiments with the universal somatostatin radioligand ¹²⁵I-[Leu⁸, D-Trp²², Tyr²⁵]-somatostatin 28 using increasing concentrations of the unlabelled peptide ranging from 0.1-1,000 nM were performed. The unlabelled, universal somatostatin 28 was run in parallel using the same increasing concentrations, as control.

IC₅₀ values were calculated after quantification of the data using a computer-assisted image processing system as described previously (Reubi, J. C. et al., Detection of somatostatin receptors in surgical and percutaneous needle biopsy samples of carcinoids and islet cell carcinomas, Cancer Res. 50: 5969-5977 (1990).). Tissue standards (Autoradiographic [¹²⁵I] microscales, Amersham) that contain known amounts of isotope, cross-calibrated to tissue-equivalent ligand concentrations were used for quantification (Reubi, J. C., In vitro identification of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in human tumors: Implications for tumor imaging, J. Nucl. Med. 36: 1846-1853 (1995).). Advantages of the present method using receptor autoradiography with sectioned cell pellets compared to binding on cell homogenates are, in addition to an economy on cells and a great flexibility, the greater inter-assay reliability and reproducibility, since the same embedded pellet can be used for successive experiments. As a minor disadvantage, IC₅₀ values are somewhat higher than in the homogenate binding assay.

The results are given in the following table. The compound tested is A:

wherein Z is varied. Z hsst1 hsst2 hsst3 hsst4 hsst5 ss28¹⁾ — 2.9 1.8 4.6 3.0 2.3 ss28 — 5.2 1.4 2.7 3.9 2.4 ss28 — 5.2 2.8 3.8 5.7 3.8 A DOTA 7.6 3.0 1.6 0.9 0.8 A Y-DOTA 3.5 3.7 0.9 2.1 3.2 A Y-DOTA 2.4 4.6 1.8 1.1 1.9 A Y-DOTA 4.6 13 3.0 2.0 1.0 A Ga-DOTA 6.0 5.2 3.0 4.1 1.0 A DOTAGA 40 3.8 0.8 3.0 1.5 A DOTAGA 24 3.8 2.5 2.3 1.9 A Y-DOTAGA 64 7.5 1.0 8.0 3.1 A Y-DOTAGA 34 5.0 2.6 4.4 2.7 A Tyr 1.8 0.6 1.4 1.3 0.48 A with X4 NH₂ 24.5 2.9 2.0 1.0 0.8 is Tyr A with X4 — 10.5 1.8 1.7 0.68 0.57 is Tyr and X1 is GABA minisoma — 172 2.8 3.2 15.3 6.8 tostatin²⁾ Arg- 20.0 4.0 2.5 10.6 2.7 derivative³⁾ Control substances are: 1) somatostatin 28

wherein ab is aminobutyric acid.

It is preferred according to the invention that the IC₅₀ values range from 1 nm to 10 nM. From the above table it follows that the compounds of the invention show an IC₅₀ falling within the claimed range for most or all of the receptor subtypes.

While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow. 

1. A method for treating a cancerous disease, comprising: characterizing a disease by an overexpression of one or more somatostatin receptors; and exposing the one or more somatostatin receptors to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a somatostatin analogue, wherein the somatostatin analogue binds to the one or more somatostatin receptors and has the general formula:

wherein: Z is optionally present or absent and when present is selected from the group consisting of DOTA-based chelators, DTPA-based chelators, NOTA-based chelators, carbonyl compounds, hydrazino nicotinamide, N₄-chelators, desferrioxamine, N_(X)S_(Y)-chelators, tyrosine for halogenation, a fluorescent dye, and biotin; L is optionally present or absent and when present is a linker molecule; X1 is a symmetric or asymmetric diamino acid containing 3 or 4 consecutive carbon atoms; X2 is a positively charged natural or unnatural amino acid, an arginine mimic, citrulline, or a neutral amino acid; X3 is phenylalanine, Ala-[3-(2-thienyl)], α-naphthylalanine, or β-naphthylalanine; X4 is an aromatic amino acid; X5 is threonine or serine; and X6 is phenylalanine, Ala-[3-(2-thienyl)], α-naphthylalanine, or β-naphthylalanine.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more somatostatin receptors is within a tumor.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the tumor is selected from the group consisting of neuroendocrinic tumors, astrocytoma, lung cancer, lymphoma, mama carcinoma, pancreatic tumors, thyroid cancer, colon cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, and renal cell cancer.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more somatostatin receptors is within a human.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein X1 is diamino propionic acid or diamino butyric acid.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein X1 is D/L-diamino butyric acid.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein X1 is D/L-diamino propionic acid.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein X2 is selected from the group consisting of lysine, I-Amp, ornithine, and L/D-Phg(4-amino).
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein X2 is asparagine.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein X2 is the arginine mimic.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the arginine mimic is selected from the group consisting of R/S-Gly-Ala-4-Pip(N-amidino), D/L-Phe(4-guanidino), and R/S-2-amino-4-[4-(2-amino)pyrimidinyl]butanoic acid.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein X4 is selected from the group consisting of tyrosine, halogenated tyrosine, iodinated tyrosine, dimethyltyrosine, α-naphthylalanine, β-naphthylalanine, and halogenated phenylalanine.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein X4 is iodated phenylalanine.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein X4 is a halogenated aromatic amino acid.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein L is selected from the group consisting of tyrosine, lysine, β-alanine, sarcosine, succinic acid, and glutaric acid.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein Z is complexed with a radioisotope selected from the group consisting of ^(114m)In, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ⁷⁷As, ⁹⁰Y, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Cu, ¹⁶⁹Er, ^(117m)Sn, ¹²¹Sn, ¹²⁷Te, ¹⁴²Pr, ¹⁴³Pr, ^(195m)Pt, ¹⁹⁸Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ¹⁴⁹Tb, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵¹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁹Gd, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁷²Tm, ¹⁶⁹Yb, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ¹¹¹Ag, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ²⁰³Bi, ²¹¹At, and ^(103m)Rh.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein X2 is arginine.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein X3 is phenylalanine.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein X4 is phenylalanine.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein X4 is tyrosine.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein X5 is threonine.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein X6 is phenylalanine.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein X1 is diamino butyric acid.
 24. The method of claim 1 having the general formula:


25. The method of claim 1, wherein Z is DOTA.
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein Z is DOTAGA.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein Z is tyrosine.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein L is absent.
 29. The method of claim 1, further comprising a radioactive isotope selected from the group consisting of ^(99m)Tc, ²⁰³Pb, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁷²As, ¹¹¹In, ¹¹³In, ¹²³I, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁹⁷Ru, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁵²Fe, ^(52m)Mn, ⁵¹Cr, ¹²⁴I, and ¹⁸F.
 30. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an excipient.
 31. The method of claim 30, further comprising a radioactive isotope selected from the group consisting of ^(99m)Tc, ²⁰³Pb, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁷²As, ¹¹¹In, ^(113m)In, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹⁸F, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁹⁷Ru, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁵²Fe, ^(52m)Mn, and ⁵¹Cr.
 32. The method of claim 30, further comprising a radioisotope selected from the group consisting of ^(114m)In, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ⁷⁷As, ⁹⁰Y, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Cu, ¹⁶⁹Er, ^(117m)Sn, ¹²¹Sn, ¹²⁷Te, ¹⁴² Pr, ¹⁴³Pr, ¹⁹⁸Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ¹⁴⁹Tb, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵¹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁹Gd, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁷²Tm, ¹⁶⁹Yb, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ¹¹¹Ag, ¹²⁴I, and ¹³¹I.
 33. The method of claim 1, wherein Z is a chelating agent selected from the group consisting of p-NH₂-Bz-DOTA, DOTA-p-NH₂-anilide, and MeO-NH₂-Ph-DOTA.
 34. The method of claim 1 having the general formula:


35. A method for treating a cancerous disease, comprising: characterizing a disease by an overexpression of one or more somatostatin receptors; and exposing the one or more somatostatin receptors to a medicament composition comprising a somatostatin analogue, wherein the somatostatin analogue binds to the one or more somatostatin receptors and has the general formula:

wherein: Z is optionally present or absent and when present is selected from the group consisting of DOTA-based chelators, DTPA-based chelators, NOTA-based chelators, carbonyl compounds, hydrazino nicotinamide, N₄-chelators, desferrioxamine, N_(X)S_(Y)-chelators, tyrosine for halogenation, a fluorescent dye, and biotin; L is optionally present or absent and when present is a linker molecule; and X4 is Phe or Tyr.
 36. The method of claim 35, further comprising a radioactive isotope selected from the group consisting of ^(99m)Tc, ²⁰³Pb, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁷²As, ¹¹¹In, ¹¹³In, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹⁸F, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁹⁷Ru, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁵²Fe, ^(52m)Mn, and ⁵¹Cr.
 37. The method of claim 35, further comprising a radioisotope selected from the group consisting of ^(114m)In, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ⁷⁷As, ⁹⁰Y, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Cu, ¹⁶⁹Er, ^(117m)Sn, ¹²¹Sn, ¹²⁷Te, ¹⁴²Pr, ¹⁴³Pr, ¹⁹⁸Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ¹⁴⁹Tb, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵¹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁹Gd, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁷²Tm, ¹⁶⁹Yb, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ¹¹¹Ag, ¹²⁴I, and ¹³¹I.
 38. The method of claim 35, wherein a tumor comprises the one or more somatostatin receptors.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the tumor is selected from the group consisting of neuroendocrinic tumors, astrocytoma, lung cancer, lymphoma, mama carcinoma, pancreatic tumors, thyroid cancer, colon cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, and renal cell cancer.
 40. The method of claim 35, wherein a human comprises the one or more somatostatin receptors.
 41. A method for treating a cancerous disease, comprising: exposing one or more somatostatin receptors to a medicament composition comprising a somatostatin analogue, wherein the somatostatin analogue binds to the one or more somatostatin receptors and has the general formula:

wherein: Z is optionally present or absent and when present is selected from the group consisting of DOTA-based chelators, DTPA-based chelators, NOTA-based chelators, carbonyl compounds, hydrazino nicotinamide, N₄-chelators, desferrioxamine, N_(X)S_(Y)-chelators, tyrosine for halogenation, a fluorescent dye, and biotin; L is optionally present or absent and when present is a linker molecule; and X4 is Phe or Tyr.
 42. The method of claim 41, further comprising a radioactive isotope selected from the group consisting of ^(99m)Tc, ²⁰³Pb, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁷²As, ¹¹¹In, ¹¹³In, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹⁸F, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁹⁷Ru, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁵²Fe, ^(52m)Mn, and ⁵¹Cr.
 43. The method of claim 41, further comprising a radioisotope selected from the group consisting of ^(114m)In, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ⁷⁷As, ⁹⁰Y, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Cu, ¹⁶⁹Er, ^(117m)Sn, ¹²¹Sn, ¹²⁷Te, ¹⁴²Pr, ¹⁴³Pr, ¹⁹⁸Au, ¹⁹⁹Au, ¹⁴⁹Tb, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵¹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁹Gd, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁷²Tm, ¹⁶⁹Yb, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ¹¹¹Ag, ¹²⁴I, and ¹³¹I.
 44. The method of claim 41, wherein the one or more somatostatin receptors is within a tumor.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the tumor is selected from the group consisting of neuroendocrinic tumors, astrocytoma, lung cancer, lymphoma, mama carcinoma, pancreatic tumors, thyroid cancer, colon cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, and renal cell cancer.
 46. The method of claim 41, wherein the one or more somatostatin receptors is within a human. 